International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Research

Current Issue Volume 7 Issue 6 (November-December 2024)

    • Historical and Ethical Origin of the Medical Symbol: Which is the Staff and How Many Snakes?
      Abstract:The symbol of medicine is known as the staff and snake from ancient mythological narratives to the present day. The medical symbol contains many historical and ethical values. In many civilizations, the snake has been associated with health, wisdom, strength, renewal and eternal life due to its shedding of skin. The aim of this review is to explain the historical and mythological origins of snake and staff figures and the professional values they represent. As symbols of medicine, staff and snake figures appear in different shapes and forms. The most common symbol is a single snake wrapped around a wooden staff and a double snake with wings wrapped around a golden staff. Physicians should know the history of these symbols, which are actually similar to each other, but different in terms of both their historical origins and the meanings they represent, and the professional values they represent. Which staff, a single snake or a double snake, is more proper for the symbol of medicine? The single snake wrapped around a staff is known in mythology as the staff of Asclepius, the god of medicine and health. The double snake wrapped around a golden staff is the staff called Caduceus belonging to Hermes, the messenger god in mythology.Naturally, the professional and medical values represented by these two figures differ from each other. We believe that it is important to know the mythological and historical roots of the medical symbol in order to keep alive the values it represents.


      Keywords: Medical History, Symbol of Medicine, Ethical Values.



    • Successful Management of Refractory Oral Lichen Planus with Photobiomodulation: A Case Report
      Abstract:Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory condition with limited treatment options. We report a case of refractory OLP managed successfully with photobiomodulation (PBM).A 55-year-old female presented with a 2-year history of painful OLP lesions on the tongueand buccal mucosa. After 4 sessions of PBM (980nm diode laser, 100mW/cm², continuous wave for 5 minutes, onceevery two weeks, a total of 4 sittings), significant improvements were noted in pain, lesion size, and quality of life. No adverse effects were reported. This case highlights the potential of PBM as a safe and effective adjunctive treatment for OLP.


      Keywords: Laser, oral lichen planus, photobiomodulation, diode laser



        • Examination of the relationship between morphological differences in the human nose and bacterial colonization
          Abstract:The airflow mechanism, influenced by structural differences, plays a crucial role in the localization of bacterial colonies in the human nose. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the internal and external anatomical structures of the nose and bacterial colonization in the nasal cavity. A total of 162 healthy volunteers (97 females and 65 males) aged 18-45 years, including hospital staff and medical students, participated in the study. Nasal morphometry was assessed using anthropometric instruments and acoustic rhinometry. Swab samples were collected from the nasal and nasopharyngeal regions of each participant for microbiological testing. Measurements revealed a very high correlation in the distance between the heights of the left and right nasal columellas (C-SN’(L)/C-SN’(R) = 0.903). Common pathogens isolated from the nasal cavity (35.6%) and nasopharynx (27.1%) includedStaphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, and Neisseria meningitidis. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between bacterial pathogens and the morphological structure of the nasal cavity or nasopharynx. Therefore, it has been revealed that the anatomical structure of the nose does not pose a potential risk factor for upper respiratory infections regarding pathogenic microorganisms, particularly among healthy individuals, healthcare professionals, and athletes.


          Keywords: Acoustic rhinometry, Bacterial colonization, Nasal cavity, Nasal morphology,Upper respiratory infection



            • Beyond the Thyroid Gland: A Global Perspective on Triplex Ultrasound
              Abstract:
              Objective:To determine the triplex ultrasound features of thyroid disease that can help in discriminating between malignancy and benignity relative to histopathological results.
              Patients: A total of 61 patients underwent triplex US of the thyroid and histopathological examination.
              Methods:The number, size, location, echogenicity, echotexture, microcalcification, halo and margins, regional lymphadenopathy, peak systolic velocity and vascular flow pattern of thyroid lesions were determined on the basis of patient age,sex, and histopathological results.
              Results: Eighty percentof patients had benign disease, and 11.4% had malignant disease. Nodules in four patients appeared to be inadequately diagnosed. Fifty-seven percent of patients with malignant thyroid nodules had papillary thyroid carcinomas, whereas forty-two had anaplastic carcinomas.


              Keywords: Triplex Ultrasound, Thyroid, Malignancy, Benignity



                • The Female Reproductive System: an Overview of The Effects Of Melatonin
                  Abstract:The hormone melatonin is closely related to vertebrate reproduction, especially in the context of seasonal reproduction. This relationship is due to the fact that melatonin is secreted from the pineal gland into the peripheral circulation only during the night, and the duration of secretion reflects the length of the night. While melatonin secretion increases with the prolongation of the nights in the winter months, it decreases with the shortening of the nights in the summer months. This mechanism is critical in the adaptation of reproductive cycles to environmental conditions in many vertebrates. Recent research has revealed that melatonin regulates reproductive functions through MT1 and MT2 receptors and affects female infertility. Furthermore, melatonin has a strong free radical scavenging property and plays a critical role in reducing oxidative stress. Melatonin can also improve egg quality. Given these far-reaching effects, melatonin is important in females. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the role of melatonin and its receptors.



                    • Short Comunication: Proposal Standardize Method for Characterization and Quantification of Bee Venom in Honeybee Apis mellifera by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
                      Abstract:Despite the well-known chemical characterization of bee venom that enable to identify the three major peptides such as apamin, phospholipase A2, and melittin through HPLC test its chromatographic condition use to be diverse (mobile and stationary phases). The main purpose of this manuscript is to summarize the suitable HPLC condition for characterization and quantification of bee venom in Colombia honeybee (Apis mellifera) based on a literature review. Bee venom is often collected using the electrostimulation method because this cutting-edge technology prevents bee deaths as the bee venom is efficiently extracted. The bee venom samples normally are stored under suitable conditions to prevent degradation such as autohydrolysis (frozen conditions). According to scientific evidence gathered from published article High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic method is usually used to assay the major venom compounds as melittin, apamin, and phospholipase A2. However, its running conditions seem to be diverse. In the present manuscript we aim to review the optimal HPLC conditions to separate the mains bee venom compounds. Therefore, according to literature review the best Chromatographic separation was performed using the following mobile phases: A - 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water, B - 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile: water (80:20). The assays of the separated venom compounds were made using a UV detector at 220 nm wavelength. The stationary phase is carried out using a chromatographic column with C18 packing materials. The proposal HPLC running condition allows an adequate separation of the major HPLC peaks. As it has been previously observed in Apis Mellifera syriaca and Apis mellifera meda the bee venom samples showed up the expected chromatographic profile that allows to identify the three major protein fraction compounds: melittin, phospholipase A2 and apamine. Therefore, those chromatographic conditions could be widely used to perform routine bee venom assessments in the pharmaceutical industry. Efficacy of apitoxin extraction through the electrostimulation method has been shown to work well since it allows to identify the three major peptides of the bee venom as follows apamin, phospholipase A2, and melittin using HPLC.


                      Keywords: Apis mellifera, HPLC, bee venom, Apitoxin, melittin, apamin, phospholipase A2.



                        • Basic Package for Oral Health Care: A Solution for India's Community Dental Health Challenges
                          Abstract:Oral health remains unattainable for a significant portion of the worldwide population, especially among marginalized communities, regardless of whether they reside in wealthy or impoverished countries. Despite the fact most oral health problems are not life-threatening, they have the potential of severely reducing an individual's quality of life, particularly those in vulnerable groups in both non-established market economies (non-EME) and established market economies (EME). The Basic Package of Oral Care (BPOC) formulated by the WHO Collaborating Centre in Nijmegen conforms to the Primary health care (PHC) model and presents a realistic approach to improving oral health in a low-resource setting. The initiative comprises three primary elements: Oral Urgent Treatment (OUT), Affordable Fluoride Toothpaste, and Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) that is aimed at delivering affordable oral health services to the underserved population is now a component of most health systems globally, where communities receive their first care at this level. However, the PHC approach fails to provide therapy for complicated oral conditions, including oral cancer and congenital oral disorders such as cleft lip and palate. Including BPOC in PHC models ensures the provision of essential health services to specific communities in need, thereby contributing to the long-term improvement of oral health worldwide.


                          Keywords: Basic Packages of Oral Care, Fluoride, Oral Care, ART, Primary Health Care



                            • laboratory changes in pregnancy induced hypertension patients
                              Abstract:Pregnancy is a best journey for every women in their life time. some complications will disrupt the journey. pregnancy induced hypertension is a rare complication of pregnancy which is characterised by elevation of blood pressure and which is associated with headache, blurred d vision, nausea, neck pain and pedal oedema.



                                • Effects on Oxidative Stress of Next Generation Pharmabiotics in Colorectal Cancer Cells: Postbiotics
                                  Abstract:There is a serious imbalance in the human body, especially in the intestines, where many epigenetic and nutrigenetic factors increase oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and metabolic activities have difficulty eliminating this situation. Many studies in recent years have reported that probiotics have positive effects on various cancer cells by affecting different pathways. Probiotics are live microorganisms that create a health benefit in the host when used in sufficient amounts and can also show anti-tumoral activity. However, their use may pose a risk for individuals receiving immunosuppressive treatment and those with chronic diseases. For this reason, new generation pharmabiotic agents (postbiotics) have become important. In our study, the effect of postbiotics on oxidative stress in colorectal cancer cells (HT29) was examined. In our study, postbiotics obtained from Lactobacillus rhamnosus EnA 17 strain and HT29 and L929 cell lines were used. MTT method was used to determine cytotoxicity. The total oxidant status (TOS) levels were measured spectroscopically with the autoanalyzer in cell culture. The data obtained showed that postbiotics had significant cytotoxicity on HT29 cell lines. It was also determined that postbiotics played a balancing role in oxidative stress parameters.


                                  Keywords: Colorectal cancer, Cytotoxicity, HT29 cell, Oxidative stress, Postbiotics



                                    • Maxillary Expansion Techniques: A comparative Analysis of SARPE, MARPE and MISMARPE in The management of transverse deficiencies.
                                      Abstract:Transverse anomalies are characterized by a deficiency of the maxilla that manifests itself through a posterior crossbite, which brings a series of aesthetic and functional problems to those who suffer from it. Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) has been studied as the standard treatment for these cases. In recent years, a series of new techniques have been introduced that seek to reduce treatment times and obtain more predictable results. These include surgery-assisted techniques (SARPE), mini-implants (MARPE) and a combination of both (MISMARPE). The objective of this article is to describe the principal assisted maxillary expansion techniques, their indications and complications, with emphasis on bone and dental alterations. A narrative review was carried out in PubMed, Scopus and Epistemonikos databases, considering systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and observational studies published between 2014 and 2024. A total of 18 articles were included. According to this review, SARPE, MARPE and MISMARPE present clear indications and allow obtaining satisfactory results in the treatment of transverse anomalies. Complications are mostly mild and easy to manage. It is suggested to know the techniques, indications, complications and the time of prescribing them in order to obtain the best results.


                                      Keywords: Dentofacial anomalies, rapid maxillary expansion, MARPE, SARPE, MISMARPE.



                                        • Effect Of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Serum and GCF Calcium Levels in Chronic Periodontitis Patients: A Clinico-Biochemical Study.
                                          Abstract:
                                          Introduction: The elemental analysis of human blood serum and GCF is noteworthy in routine clinical practice as well as in medical research. Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) and blood serum have been referred to as a promising medium for the detection of markers for periodontal disease activity. Analysis of GCF, blood serum shows minute changes in biomarker levels well before the onset of clinical signs and symptoms; which helps to even predict a person’s predisposition towards periodontal disease occurrence.
                                          Aim: To evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on Serum and GCF Calcium levels in chronic periodontitis patients.
                                          Materials and Methods:A total of 24 subjects with age group of 25-60 years male and female subjects, divided into two groups, 12 each.Group I-Control-Healthy, Group II-Experimental-Chronic Periodontitis. All subjects underwent clinical examination for Plaque Index, Gingival Index,Gingival Bleeding Index,Probing Pocket Depth, and Clinical Attachment level using UNC 15 Probe.Blood and GCF samples were collected from each patient and Serum and GCF Calcium levels were estimated. All the parameters were evaluated at baseline and 3months after non-surgical periodontal therapy.
                                          Results: Clinical parameters values at baseline were more than that of 3 months after therapy in Group I which was clinically significant within, GI, and PPD and was not significantin relation to GBI and CAL on comparison. In Group II(Chronic periodontitis) comparison at baseline values was more than that of 3 months and on comparison which was highly statistically significant (p<0.01)in all parameters with PI, GI,PPD, CAL, and GBI.On Intergroup comparison between two groups at baseline and 3 months, results were statistically significant (p<0.05). In relation to values of Serum and GCF, calcium was almost equal at baseline and after 3 months (did not show any variations) significant (p>0.05) in Group I, whereas in Group II the Serum and GCFcalcium mean levels were less at baseline than after 3 months which was highly significant (p<0.01) on comparison.
                                          Conclusion: Based on the observed relationship between calcium and the parameters, their utility as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in periodontal disease seems promising. However, further studies with a larger sample size on the role of calcium in health and various states of diseases are required to substantiate the result of the study.


                                          Keywords: Chronic Periodontitis, GCF Calcium, Periodontal Therapy, Serum Calcium