International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Research

Volume 7 Issue 4 (July-August 2024)

    • STANDARDIZATION Of PATCHOULI OIL (Pogostemon Cablin Benth.)
      Abstract:Patchouli oil is one type of vegetable oil derived from patchouli plants, which is currently widely cultivated in Indonesia. Patchouli has essential oils, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids. The purpose of this study was to standardize the specific and non-specific parameter values of patchouli oil, as well as the analysis of Patchouli Alcohol levels with GC-MS instruments. The results of the study obtained the specific parameter values as follows; organoleptic test obtained oil in liquid form, brownish yellow in color, distinctive odor and tasteless; positive for phenolic and terpenoid; and non-specific parameter values as follows: specific gravity 0.968 g/mL; total plate count < 1.0 × 100 colonies/ml; mold and yeast count < 1.0 × 100 colonies/ml; lead metal (Pb) contamination 0.244 mg/L. PA analysis value 31.80%


      Keywords: inguinal hernia in children



    • Oral pre-malignant cells inhibition through expression of superoxide dismutase and caspase-3 by potential antioxidants of banana stem (Musaceae)
      Abstract: Premalignant lesions are potential malignant lesions in the oral cavity. The exact etiology of premalignant lesions is not yet known. The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays a protective role against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage. Caspase-3 is involved in nuclear apoptosis and is considered an effector caspase. Decreased expression of caspase-3 can lead to the transformation of pre-cancerous lesions into malignant ones. Banana stem (Musaceae) contains various active compounds which contribute to apoptosis mechanisms and enhance the ability to combat free radicals that cause pre-cancerous lesions. Objective: To determine the antioxidant potential of banana stem by examining the expression of SOD and caspase-3 in pre-cancerous lesions in Wistar rats. Material and methods: This research uses narrative review focuses on full-text articles from scientific databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from year 2013–2023. Discussion: The compounds found in banana, such as lectin, palmitic acid, and quercetin, have different mechanisms in increasing the expression of Caspase-3. Activated caspases perform their tasks by inducing apoptosis in damaged cells, allowing the proliferation of healthy cells in pre-cancerous lesion conditions. The constituents of banana, such as flavonoids, quercetin, and saponin, can enhance SOD expression, thereby suppressing the formation of free radicals by converting superoxide radicals (O2*) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Conclusion: Banana stem (Musaceae) has antioxidant potential due to the presence of active compounds such as flavonoids (quercetin), lectin, palmitic acid, and saponin, which can enhance the expression of SOD and caspase.


      Keywords: Antioxidants, Banana stems, Caspase-3, Oral premalignant, Superoxide dismutase



    • Experience of the Continuity of Care Platform Managing Epicrises of A Vascular Service
      Abstract: The Continuity of Care Platform is an active Electronic Clinical Record for the sending of Medical Discharge Reports from the secondary level to the primary level, ensuring coordination and effective care. Materials and Methods: This study describes the number of discharge reports managed by a Vascular Service in a Chilean Metropolitan Health Service for post-amputation patients and their active management towards Primary Health Care (PHC) through the Continuity of Care Platform (PCA) from March 1, 2020, to August 31, 2021. Results: All discharge reports for patients from the Vascular Service of the Barros Luco Trudeau Hospital (HBLT) were included, and the average effective care by the Primary Level of the Metropolitan South Service was calculated. From March 1, 2020, to August 31, 2021, the average completed follow-up (effective care) was 73%, with 50 effective home visits (16.95%), 2 deaths (0.68%), and 9 rehospitalized patients (3%). Conclusion: The data demonstrate active coordination with primary level establishments, showing an average of 73% effective follow-up, highlighting the platform's functionality. Future research may investigate the efficacy of the PCA in reducing morbidity and mortality. The percentage of completed follow-up before PCA implementation was 40%.


      Keywords: Electronic Health Records, Primary Health Care, Public Health Informatics, Vascular Surgical Procedures, Continuity of Patient Care.



    • Schizophrenia and Time Perception: A Systematic Review
      Abstract:
      Introduction: Schizophrenia, a neuropsychological condition characterized by a spectrum of positive and negative symptoms, presents a unique challenge in understanding its underlying mechanisms. Among the myriad symptoms, disturbances in time perception have garnered attention for their potential insights into the disorder's pathophysiology. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate association between schizophrenia and time perception, synthesizing evidence from diverse research domains.
      Methodology: Methodologically, a rigorous literature review encompassing cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and other relevant investigations conducted between 2000 and 2023 formed the basis of this analysis.
      Results: The results reveal consistent findings of impaired time perception among schizophrenia patients, manifested in altered abilities to estimate time intervals and discriminate temporal stimuli. Neurobiological correlates, including disruptions in neurotransmitter pathways and structural changes in key brain regions, shed light on the underlying mechanisms of temporal dysfunction in schizophrenia. Moreover, cognitive impairments, such as deficits in attention and working memory, are implicated in exacerbating time perception deficits in this population. The implications of these findings extend to diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions, emphasizing the importance of considering time perception abnormalities in the clinical management of schizophrenia. Furthermore, the discussion highlights the need for further research to elucidate the causal relationship between schizophrenia and time perception and to explore targeted interventions aimed at mitigating temporal dysfunction in affected individuals.
      Conclusion: This review underscores the multifaceted nature of schizophrenia and underscores the potential of time perception as a promising avenue for advancing our understanding and treatment of this complex disorder.


      Keywords: Schizophrenia, Time Perception, Neuropsychological Impairments, Cognitive Processes



    • Evaluation of the Sleep Pattern in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
      Abstract:
      Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sleep Pattern in patients undergoing hemodialysis
      Methodology: A research with a true experimental design, a randomized clinical trial, was developed and carried out beginning with The research was carried out in two hemodialysis units in the city of Al-Nasiriyah, namely the Al-Hussien teaching hospital and the Al-Nasiriyah teaching hospital, between the dates of February 20, 2024 and May 6, 2024. Following the calculation of the sample from the population, fifty patients were split into two groups: the study group, which consisted of twenty-five individuals, and the control group, which also consisted of twenty-five individuals. Relaxation Technique was used in the study group; both of these techniques had validity and reliability.
      Results: The data results indicated that all 25 patients had poor sleep pattern in the pre-test. However, the post-test results for the application of the relaxation technique were statistically significant.
      Conclusions: The study found a statistically significant difference in hemodialysis study group patients before and after application of relaxation technique. The research revealed that the use of Benson's relaxation technique resulted in a significant improvement in sleep pattern in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
      Recommendations: In order to extend the results of the experiment to hemodialysis units in hospitals, the research suggests that the relaxation method be used in a trial setting to all patients who are undergoing hemodialysis.


      Keywords: Relaxation, Sleep Pattern, Hemodialysis Unit.



    • Caregiver’s Knowledge about Pressure Ulcer Prevention in Patient with Spinal Cord Injury
      Abstract:

      Objective(s): The present study aimed to assess caregivers’ knowledge about pressure ulcer prevention in patient with spinal cord injury.
      Methodology: This purpose, a pre-experimental study was designed to include a pre- and post-test without control group. A purposive (non-probabilistic) sampling of 25 caregivers was included used to conduct the research from May 21st, 2023 to January 31st, 2024. Ethical approval and informed consent of participants wasobtained before data collection using a questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire measured the participants’ demographic variables and the second part measured their knowledge about pressure ulcer prevention. The data were analyzed in SPSS 26.0.
      Result: The findings revealed that the majority of the study respondents were at age (28 – 37 year) and 64% of caregivers were male, most of them married and living together with the patient. The present findings showed that caregivers had a low level of knowledge according pressure ulcer prevention in patient with spinal cord injury.
      Conclusions: This study concluded that caregivers had a low level of knowledge. Therefore, the study recommends that caregivers develop and increase their knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention by media and brochure to improve upon their practice.


      Keywords: Caregivers, knowledge, Pressure Ulcer, Spinal Cord Injury.



    • Effect of Cold Application on Pain Relief During Intravenous cannulation for Cancer Patients
      Abstract:

      Background: The intravenous cannulation it’s a painful process can cause tension and anxiety, it is rarely followed by analgesia.
      Objective: study aimed to determine the effect of cold on the level of pain during intravenous cannulation.
      Methodology: From January 4, 2024, until February3, 2024, a randomized controlled experiment was conducted in the oncology unit of AL-Al-Haboubi Teaching Hospital in Dhi-Qar. To accomplish the goal of the study, 102 patients were split into two groups after the sample was chosen from among them: 50 patients were placed in the control group and 52 patients in the experimental group. Cold gel was applied to the experimental group, and self-report data collecting was employed. Pain was measured using a 10-cm visual analogue scale.
      Results: The post-test results for the experimental group revealed a low mean pain score (28.76+20.491), whereas the data analysis results for the control group indicated severe pain during cannulation insertion and a high mean score (M+SD 76.54+20.427). After applying cold therapy, there was a high significant difference in the mean pain score among the control and experimental groups during cannulation insertion (p=.001).
      Conclusions: The study concluded that the coldmaneuver had a positive effect in reducing pain for intravenous cannulation.
      Recommendations: The study recommended applying cold to patients during intravenous cannulation.


      Keywords: cold, Pain, Intravenous Cannulation.



    • Effect of Cooling Face on Recovery From Edema for Patients after Rhinoplasty
      Abstract:

      Objective: To determine the effect of the application of cold therapy oneyes edema for patients after rhinoplasty .
      Methodology: A Randomized Clinical trial was conducted in the surgical wards of AL-Kindi Teaching Hospital and AL-Wasiti Teaching Hospital in Al-Russafa Health Directorate starting from January 4th. Until February 25th, 2024.After a sample was calculated from the community, 53 patients were separated into two groups: the study group consisting of 26 patients, and the control group consisting of 27 patients. In order to accomplish the study's goals within the intervention group, a cold mask was employed to assess validity and reliability. Additionally, a dice cube was utilized by the researcher to examine randomness. The chosen strategy for data collecting was reported by the researcher.
      Results: the results of data showed that the edema for right and left eyes in time one p= (0.941,0.763) And p-value the edema during time one, two and three (post two) in right eyes (0.941 ,0.001 and 0.001) as in left eyes p= (0.763,0.006 and 0.001) in time one. two and three. .
      Conclusions: the researchers conclude that cold therapy have a positive relationship in reducing edema.
      Recommendations: The researchers recommended that the cold therapy experience be applied to all patients after rhinoplasty.


      Keywords: edema, rhinoplasty, cold therapy.





    • Reactive Lymph Node Enlargement in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Understanding Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
      Abstract:
      Though widespread, reactive lymph node enlargement is often an overlooked manifestation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The condition can complicate the clinical management of RA and is indicative of underlying disease activity or secondary complications. Reactive lymph node enlargement is a complex phenomenon in RA, with unclear mechanisms and significant clinical implications. The objective of this study is to explore the pathophysiology, diagnostic difficulties, and clinical relevance of reactive lymph node enlargement in RA patients, with a particular emphasis on identifying possible biomarkers and therapeutic interventions to effectively manage this manifestation. To attain this objective, the study employed a multi-faceted approach, including a comprehensive review of extant literature, clinical data analysis from RA patients presenting with lymph node enlargement, and laboratory investigations aimed at identifying biomarkers. Imaging studies and histopathological examinations were also utilized to enhance diagnostic accuracy. The findings indicate that a systemic autoimmune process precedes synovial inflammation; however, the triggers and pathways involved remain elusive.



    • Haematology Blood Profile and Peripheral Blood Smear In Pregnant Women
      Abstract:
      Hematologic changes in pregnancy occur to meet the needs of the developing fetus and placenta, with major changes in blood volume. Although physiological, an abnormal hematological profile predisposes to pregnancy. The most common laboratory test is a complete blood count (CBC). This test provides information about blood cell production and identifies the patient, oxygen-carrying capacity through evaluation of erythrocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit indices. Peripheral blood smear examination is an important part of the hematological evaluation. Peripheral blood smears in general can provide information about possible diseases, both primary due to hematological disorders and secondary due to other systemic diseases. This study used 40 pregnant women as subjects who came to the Wihdah Medical Center maternity clinic. The research was conducted from November 1, 2023 – January 5, 2024. In this study, it was found that there were more pregnancies with anemia at younger or older ages, normal hemoglobin levels were more at ages 20 – 35 years, normochromic normocytic features were more at ages 20-35 year. Alauddin Makassar, Indonesia



    • Effectiveness of Low Dose Valganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Liver Transplant Recipients
      Abstract:
      Background: There is a lack of strong evidence supporting the use of low-dose valganciclovir (450 mg) for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis. The objective of this study was to compare the rates of cytomegalovirus viremia in liver transplant patients who received standard-dose valganciclovir (900 mg daily, adjusted for renal function) to those who received low-dose valganciclovir (450 mg, adjusted for renal function).
      Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on liver transplant recipients to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-dose valganciclovir compared to standard-dose. The primary outcome assessed was the incidence of cytomegalovirus viremia within 12 months. Safety endpoints included the incidence of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, allograft loss, rejection, all-cause mortality, and death-censored allograft rejection between both groups.
      Results: A total of 177 patients were included; 133 received standard-dose valganciclovir, and 44 received low-dose valganciclovir. The incidence of cytomegalovirus viremia was higher in the low-dose group as compared to the standard-dose group (16.2% vs. 6.0%; p = 0.02). All safety outcome measures were similar between both groups (p > 0.05).
      Conclusion: The use of low-dose valganciclovir for prophylaxis in liver transplant patients was associated with an increased incidence of cytomegalovirus viremia as compared to the standard-dose group, but without any apparent safety benefits.



    • Audit of Patients Referred from General Outpatient Department (Gopd) to the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic (Orl)
      Abstract: To study the pattern of referral from General Outpatient Department (GOPD) to Otorhinolaryngology (ORL) clinic in a tertiary health institution in Enugu State, South East Nigeria.
      METHOD: Patients who were referred from GOPD to ORL clinic between February 2020 and January 2021 in Enugu state University Teaching Hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Age, gender and Diagnosis made at the time were analyzed with the aid of SSPS computer software version 11.0.
      RESULT: A total of 274 patients were seen in GOPD with ORL complaints and referred to ORL clinic, of which 97 (35.4%) were male and 177 (64.6%) were female. The ratio of male to female was 1:1.8. The age range was between 2 to 82years with the majority of patients above 50years (75%). The result showed that the most common diagnosis was in the ear (73.4%), followed by nose (17.5%), throat (88%) and neck (0.4%).
      CONCLUSION: The audit of referrals to ORL clinic from GOPD are enormous. There is need to train and retrain family physician and the resident doctors that are in charge of GOPD in tertiary health institution on basic ORL diseases and early referral to ORL clinic to avoid complications.



    • Artificial Intelligence in Endodontics
      Abstract: Endodontics is the branch of Dentistry that focuses on providing quality care in order to preserve the functioning of the natural tooth which prevents any further destruction, leading to extraction. It provides treatment for carious, discoloured, malformed, fractured and unesthetic teeth. With the advancement in the field of technology and the evolution of artificial intelligence, researchers around the globe have seen newfound interest in the field. Artificial intelligence is not just limited to the IT sector but has been taken up by other fields as well, and dentistry is no exception. With the huge increase in the digitalization of information and patient data, artificial intelligence is an absolute necessity that can reduce manual work and increase efficiency. Technology has its feet in every aspect from the basic process of taking history to form a database, to applying various algorithms to achieve the final diagnosis. Though artificial intelligence can act as a supplement to the basic knowledge of the clinician, but in no way can it substitute the clinician.Future goals of AI research in endodontics include not just improving AI model performance to expert levels but also identifying early lesions that are unseen to the human eye. The AI-based comprehensive care system is anticipated to establish high-quality patient care, creative research, and development, and facilitate cutting-edge decision support tools in the future.


      Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Endodontics, Technology



    • Surgical Management of Type II Gingival Recession: Success of the Displaced Flap Technique after Failure of the Raetzke Technique
      Abstract: Free gingival grafts are surgical procedures used to increase keratinized tissue and cover exposed root surfaces. Their success relies on proper periosteal circulation in the recipient bed and adequate graft immobilization. Introduced in 1963 by Bjorn and refined by Sullivan et al., these grafts vary in thickness, affecting their survival and appearance. They are beneficial for increasing keratinized tissue and modifying the gingival phenotype, but have limitations such as requiring a second surgical site and potential complications like pain and necrosis of the donor tissue. Alternatively, Emdogain, derived from enamel matrix, has transformed periodontal treatment by promoting regeneration and enhancing root coverage and aesthetics. The Raetzke and lateral pedicled flap techniques provide additional options for treating gingival recessions, each with specific pros and cons. A clinical case of a 27-year-old patient at the Mexican Center for Stomatology Campus Morelia is presented. The patient had gingival recession and an aberrant frenum after orthodontic treatment. Initial periodontal treatment included scaling, followed by two surgeries: a frenectomy and Raetzke technique, which failed with only a 3 mm gain. A subsequent laterally displaced flap technique achieved successful tissue integration, as confirmed in a review after 15 days.


      Keywords: Raetzke technique, laterally displaced flap technique, periodontics, graft, gingival recession



    • Influence of Chlorhexidine on Postoperative Recovery and Pain Management in oral Surgery
      Abstract:To analyze the impact of chlorhexidine on the prevention of infections and the promotion of alveolar healing following tooth extraction, revealing its effectiveness as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. Chlorhexidine works by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and provides prolonged release of its antimicrobial properties, which reduces bacterial load and significantly decreases the incidence of infections while accelerating healing compared to other antimicrobial agents, such as hydrogen peroxide. At the Centro Mexicano en Estomatología (from Spanish: Mexican Center for Stomatology) Morelia branch campus, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the effect of chlorhexidine was evaluated in 14 patients who underwent third molar surgery. Patients were divided into two groups: one group received final irrigation with chlorhexidine gel, while the other did not. The results indicated that the group treated with chlorhexidine reported significantly lower pain perception, while the group without chlorhexidine showed higher pain perception. These findings suggest that chlorhexidine gel effectively reduces postoperative pain and improves patient experience in third molar surgery.


      Keywords: Chlorhexidine, surgery, third molar, gel, postoperative



    • Description of Risk Factors Causing Gingival Recession in New Faculty of Dentistry Students Class of 2022
      Abstract:Gingival recession is an abnormality in which the gingival margin shifts apically, causing exposure of the root surface which causes aesthetic problems, hypersensitivity, increased risk of caries in the cementum and is susceptible to abrasion. The causes of gingival recession are divided into several things, including the wrong way to brush teeth, poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, inflammation, occlusion trauma, tooth movement due to orthodontic appliances, and also age. The aim of this research is to determine the risk factors that cause gingival recession in new faculty of dentistry students at the University of Jember Class of 2022. The type of research used in this research is descriptive observational research with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique in this research used a total sampling technique. The subjects in this study were studied through clinical examination and questionnaires. The results of this study showed that 22 people out of a total of 157 people experienced gingival recession with class I severity according to Miller's classification. Risk factors causing gingival recession in faculty of dentistry UNEJ 2022 students are occlusion trauma experienced by 15 people (68%), tooth brushing trauma experienced by 17 people (77%), use of orthodontic appliances experienced by 2 people (9%), and periodontal disease experienced by 19 people (86%).


      Keywords: Gingival recession, Occlusion trauma, Tooth brushing trauma, Orthodontic appliances, Periodontal disease.



    • Use of LASER to Increase the Width of the attached Gingiva: A Novel Approach
      Abstract:Inadequate width of attached gingiva can hinder oral hygiene maintenance and may result in recession. Therefore, it is essential to enhance the width of attached gingiva. This case report presents a case involving a 40-year-old male patient who was referred from the Department of Prosthodontics due to inadequate vestibular depth, which was attributed to insufficient width of the attached gingiva. A horizontal incision was made at the mucogingival junction from the area of tooth 34 to 44 region. A partial-thickness flap was elevated to achieve the necessary vestibular depth at the recipient site. An aluminium foil was placed onto which a periodontal pack was applied. After 21 days of healing, the width of the attached gingiva increased from 2 mm at baseline to 5 mm. According to the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the patient reported mild pain.


      Keywords: Attached gingiva width, Vestibuloplasty



    • Pathogenesis of Endometriosis and Future Approaches
      Abstract:Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent female disease associated with pelvic pain and infertility as a result of abnormal placement of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.Endometriosis, which affects approximately 200 million women worldwide, continues to be an important health problem today due to its uncertainties about its pathogenesis. Since the disease was identified, many different pathogenetic pathways have been considered, such as retrograde menstruation, benign metastasis, immune disorders, hormonal imbalances, involvement of stem cells, and changes in epigenetic regulation. Interaction of the number and amount of menstrual flows with genetic and environmental factors seems to determine the likelihood of development as well as the phenotypic manifestation of the disease However, the true pathogenesis of endometriosis is not fully understood. Therefore, in this review, we outline recent developments that illuminate the main origin and pathogenesis of endometriosis based on current studies and provide new avenues for research that promises to improve early diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis. Although endometriosis is generally thought to be a steroid-sensitive disease, one of the possible causes of the development of endometriosis may be the immune system. A thorough understanding of the histopathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis is essential for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this debilitating condition.


      Keywords: Endometriosis, pathogenesis, stem cells, estrogen, progesterone.



    • Morphometric analysis of Bonwill’s Triangle and It’s Dental Application
      Abstract:The Bonwill’s triangle, an imaginary equilateral triangle formed by the contact between the central incisors (A) and the right(B) and left mandibular condyles(C), serves as a fundamental concept in understanding the mechanics of jaw movements, including centric relation, lateral, and protrusive movements. This study aims to explore the articulation of the mandible, complete dentures, and dental occlusion concerning mandibular fractures based on both metric and non-metric parameters. Additionally, the analysis seeks to determine that the distance between the right and left condyles from the central incisors should be within 100mm for optimal dental function.


      Keywords: Bonwill’s triangle, condyles



    • Rising Incidence of Fibroid among Reproductive Age Women in South-South, Nigeria
      Abstract:Women of reproductive age need to be free from anything that we delay or deny them from conception or from having their normal life. Fibroid is a non-cancerous tumour of the uterine smooth muscle and few connective tissues and it can also be cancerous (leomyosarcoma) but rare that occur in a nulliparous woman or multiparous woman and this tumour could obstruct labour, blood flow, penetration or upward swimming of sperm or induce abortion. It is highly on the increase in recent time among young ladies who are single and married ladies that are still believing in having children. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rising incidence of fibroid among reproductive age women in South-South, Nigeria.This was a descriptive study involving 480 female of reproductive age who were within the age of 18 to 47 years. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. Each participant had one questionnaire to fill appropriately and independently after instructions were given to them by the Research Assistants. The study lasted for a period of 4 months. Exclusion criteria was those women that have not done their radiological examination. The results of the study shows that50.0% of the respondents were within 31-35 years of age and 62.5% are single. The study revealed that 62.5% of the respondents had tertiary level of education and 50.0% are civil servants. The respondents experiencing different signs and symptoms attributed to fibroid development. Again, 95.8% of the participating women had fibroid and 72.9% are exposed to predisposing factors. Also, 81.3% of the respondents have confirmed their fibroid through radiological examination and clinical examination.The statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.


      Keywords: Rising, Incidence, Fibroid, Women, Reproductive



    • CASE REPORT–Testicular Tumormimicking Mesenteric Cyst
      Abstract:
      Background: Intra-abdominal masses will always remain as an enigma in the field of surgery. Most of them asses are non-palpable, and if palpable, their entire extent, size and origin are a mystery on the basis of only clinical examination. Cystic lesions arising from the mesentery and peritoneum are less commonly encountered and can be caused by relatively rare entities.
      Case: A 30 year male presented with complaints of a gradually increasing lump in the abdomen, noticed first 3months ago. There was no abdominal discomfortor any features of intestinal obstruction.
      Conclusion: The abdominal variant of cryptorchid testis is rare and carries a high risk of malignant transformation. While it is unusually seen in adults, it must be borne in mind during clinical evaluation of the patient.


      Keywords: testicular-tumor; mesenteric-cyst; laparotomy; gastrointestinal-surgery



    • Marine-Derived Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer-A Review
      Abstract:Marine microorganisms, animals, and plants are the best sources to find bioactive compounds with an assortment of pharmacological characteristics, encompassing the capacity to absorb free radicals and have antitumor, antimicrobial, analgesic, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. The need for affordable, safe, and effective medications is increasing due to the world's population growth, and marine drugs offer a substitute supply. A widespread type of cancer to be diagnosed globally is colon cancer where a common pharmacological treatment is chemotherapy which may not be suitable for individuals due to its adverse consequences.Natural marine compounds are plentiful and have special chemical structures, which make them widely used in anticancer treatments. This review lists the secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, peptides, terpenes, etc extracted from marine actinomycetes and fungi as cutting-edge substitutes for cytotoxic substances directed opposing the malignancy cell lines from colon cancer Caco-2, RKO, HCT15, HT29, and HCT116. The in-vitro research provided an overview of the many compounds from marine origins and their pharmacological actions. According to tumor inhibition, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity, the in vivo studies assessed the anticancer properties of marine substances on mice modeled by colorectal cancer. The primary chemical categories and methods of operation of the clinical medications that possess received full and clinical clearance for their anti-cancer properties in marine environments were compiled from the clinical studies.


      Keywords: Actinomycetes, apoptosis, colorectal cancer, marine fungi, secondary metabolites, tumor.



    • Taste Perception in Relation to Dental Caries and BMI: A Narrative Review
      Abstract:Taste perception is the sensory impression of food or other substances on the tongue and is one of the five traditional senses. It is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds. Individual food preferences are important predictors of food intake and are highly influenced by taste perception and taste preference. Taste sensitivity varies widely among individuals due to the genetic polymorphisms and also the anatomical variations in the density of the fungiform papillae present on the tongue. Taste perception decreases with age. The caries experience was observed more among non-tasters compared to super and medium tasters due to overall increase in consumption of sugar rich foods by the non-tasters. Higher BMI was related to lower sensitivity to sweet taste due to the action of the hormone leptin. The higher liking for fat-and-sweet sensations has been associated with an increased risk of obesity So, preventive measures for the reduction in free sugars intake should be given importance. Hence, the purpose of this review is to discuss the significance of sense of taste, types of taste stimuli, development and aging, classification of tasters and taste perception in relation to dental caries and Body Mass Index.


      Keywords: Body mass index, dental caries, obesity, propylthiouracil, sugars, tasters, taste perception